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Related Concept Videos

Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

8.1K
Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism that involves the inward folding of the cell membrane to create vesicles that capture and transport large drug molecules. This process comprises two distinct methods: pinocytosis (often referred to as "cell drinking") and phagocytosis (often referred to as "cell...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
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Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

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Exocytosis and synaptic vesicle function.

Ok-Ho Shin1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.

Comprehensive Physiology
|April 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synaptic vesicle exocytosis, crucial for neurotransmission, is regulated by synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins. Syt1

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicles mediate neurotransmitter release via Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis.
  • Synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins, particularly Syt1, are key regulators of this Ca(2+)-dependent process.
  • Syt1 interacts with target membranes and the SNARE/complexin machinery to control exocytosis efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
  • To understand the role of synaptotagmin isoforms and their interactions in modulating exocytosis.
  • To investigate the less understood functions of otoferlin in auditory hair cell exocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Ca(2+)-dependent protein-protein interactions.
  • Investigating the role of SNARE complex composition and membrane lipid interactions.
  • Studying the functions of various synaptic vesicle-associated proteins.

Main Results:

  • Ca(2+)-binding affinities between Syt1 and its targets (SNAREs, membranes) correlate with exocytosis efficacy.
  • Variations in SNARE protein isoforms and membrane lipids fine-tune Syt1-mediated exocytosis.
  • Otoferlin's role in auditory hair cell exocytosis remains to be fully elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptotagmin 1's interaction affinities with SNARE complexes and membranes dictate exocytosis efficiency.
  • Diverse synaptic vesicle proteins collectively regulate vesicle formation, trafficking, and exocytosis.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand otoferlin's contribution to synaptic transmission.