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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
26
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.1K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.1K

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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

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Thyroid disease in pregnancy.

Leo A Carney1, Jeff D Quinlan2, Janet M West1

  • 1Naval Hospital Pensacola Family Medicine Residency Program, Pensacola, FL, USA.

American Family Physician
|April 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Untreated thyroid disease in pregnant women increases risks. Proper diagnosis and management, including levothyroxine for hypothyroidism and antithyroid medications for hyperthyroidism, improve pregnancy outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 1, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Thyroid disease is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age.
  • Untreated thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy is linked to adverse outcomes like miscarriage and growth restriction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current guidelines for screening and management of thyroid disease in pregnant women.
  • To highlight the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment for improved maternal and fetal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical guidelines for thyroid disease screening in pregnancy.
  • Summary of recommended management strategies for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy.
  • Discussion of postpartum thyroiditis and its management.

Main Results:

  • Targeted screening is recommended for high-risk pregnancies.
  • Levothyroxine is used for hypothyroidism, aiming for TSH < 2.5 mIU/L.
  • Antithyroid medications are preferred for hyperthyroidism, targeting free thyroxine in the upper normal range.

Conclusions:

  • Appropriate diagnosis and management of thyroid disease are crucial for successful pregnancy outcomes.
  • Postpartum thyroiditis requires specific management based on symptoms and patient status.
  • Levothyroxine is indicated for symptomatic postpartum hypothyroidism, especially in breastfeeding women or those planning future pregnancies.