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Related Concept Videos

iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Tissue Renewal without Stem Cells01:23

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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Small molecules convert fibroblasts into islet-like cells avoiding pluripotent state.

Nadya Lumelsky1

  • 1Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Integrative Biology and Infectious Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 6701 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-4878, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|April 8, 2014
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Researchers developed a new method to create functional islet cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. This step-wise protocol uses soluble molecules, advancing direct cellular reprogramming for potential diabetes treatments.

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Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Developmental biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Generating functional pancreatic islets is crucial for diabetes treatment.
  • Direct cellular reprogramming offers a potential alternative to cell transplantation.
  • Previous methods faced challenges in efficiency and scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a novel protocol for generating pancreatic islet cells.
  • To utilize direct cellular reprogramming from a readily available cell source.
  • To investigate the efficacy of soluble molecules in directing cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Employing a step-wise protocol for cellular differentiation.
  • Utilizing mouse embryonic fibroblasts as the starting material.
  • Applying a specific combination of soluble molecules to induce reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated islet-like cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
  • Demonstrated a functional capacity of the reprogrammed cells (details not provided in abstract).
  • Established a novel, potentially scalable, protocol for islet cell generation.

Conclusions:

  • The reported protocol represents a significant advancement in direct cellular reprogramming for islet generation.
  • This method holds promise for future therapeutic applications in diabetes.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize and translate this protocol for clinical use.