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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Conversation relies on shared knowledge, or common ground, which is typically partner-specific.
  • Research has extensively studied common ground in two-party conversations but less in multi-party settings.
  • Understanding how common ground functions when new individuals join an established conversation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how common ground is managed in multi-party conversations.
  • To examine if speakers adjust their language when a naive third party joins a conversation where terms have been established.
  • To determine if listeners adjust their expectations based on the presence of a naive third party.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments involving unscripted, task-based conversations.
  • Experiment 1: Speakers conversed in dyads or triads, referencing game pieces after establishing shared labels (entrained terms).
  • Experiment 2: Investigated listener sensitivity to entrained terms when a naive party joined.

Main Results:

  • Speakers modified their language (longer, more disfluent expressions) when a naive third party was present, indicating sensitivity.
  • Listener eye-fixation data in Experiment 1 did not initially show sensitivity.
  • Experiment 2 revealed that listeners do adjust their expectations, canceling prior term entrainment when a naive third party is present.

Conclusions:

  • Common ground is not a static, unitary construct but is dynamically adapted to conversational context.
  • Speakers and listeners flexibly adjust their understanding and use of shared knowledge based on the audience.
  • These findings highlight the adaptive nature of common ground in multi-party communication.