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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
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Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease...
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Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia without a localizing source in pediatric patients.

John Ligon1, Sheldon L Kaplan, Kristina G Hulten

  • 1From the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Disease, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
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Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children without a clear source is uncommon, representing 5.7% of pediatric bacteremias. Most affected children had underlying health issues, particularly immunosuppression.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children without a localizing source is not well-characterized.
  • Understanding the epidemiology and patient characteristics is crucial for clinical management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the incidence and clinical features of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia without a localizing source in pediatric patients.
  • To identify risk factors and comorbidities associated with this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of an 11-year surveillance study.
  • Identification of pediatric patients with positive blood cultures for Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Review of patient demographics, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-six cases of primary Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia were identified.
  • This accounted for 5.7% of all pediatric bacteremias during the study period.
  • A high prevalence of comorbidities was observed (86.1%), with immunosuppression being the most common (33.3%).

Conclusions:

  • Primary Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia without a localizing source is a significant, though relatively infrequent, cause of bacteremia in children.
  • The presence of comorbidities, especially immunosuppression, is a key characteristic of affected children.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate specific management strategies for this patient group.