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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Comparative RNA Structure Analysis of Nascent and Mature Transcripts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Gene regulation by structured mRNA elements.

Andreas Wachter1

  • 1Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|May 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene activity relies on precise timing and location, with complex regulation occurring at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level. Structured mRNA elements offer versatile strategies for controlling gene expression through various mechanisms.

Keywords:
gene regulationmRNAriboswitchstructure

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Precise temporal and spatial coordination of gene activity is essential for biological processes.
  • Gene expression principles are well-established, yet recent findings reveal significant complexity in gene activity control.
  • Many regulatory mechanisms operate at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, involving structured mRNA elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex regulatory mechanisms of gene activity.
  • To highlight the role of structured mRNA elements in gene expression control.
  • To detail the diverse strategies employed by structured mRNA elements in regulating gene activity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on gene regulatory mechanisms.
  • Analysis of structured mRNA elements and their functions.
  • Examination of examples like metabolite-binding riboswitches and ribozymes.

Main Results:

  • Structured mRNA elements act as specific receptors for molecules, influencing gene expression.
  • These elements mediate gene control at transcriptional, translational, and RNA processing levels.
  • Versatile strategies include self-cleaving ribozymes, cis-regulatory sequence modulation, and sequestration of trans-acting factors.

Conclusions:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) structure plays a critical role in sophisticated gene regulation.
  • Structured mRNA elements provide a versatile platform for controlling gene activity in response to various signals.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to comprehending the complexity of biological processes.