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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Vaccinations01:51

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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
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Maternal immunization.

Helen Y Chu1, Janet A Englund2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|May 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal immunization safely protects mothers, fetuses, and infants from diseases. Antibodies transfer across the placenta, offering passive immunity before infants can be vaccinated.

Keywords:
diphtheriainfluenzamaternal immunizationpertussistetanus

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Maternal immunization offers a strategy to protect pregnant women, fetuses, and newborns from vaccine-preventable diseases.
  • Maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) actively crosses the placenta, conferring passive immunity to neonates and infants.
  • This passive immunity is crucial before an infant's own immune system can effectively respond to vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines administered during pregnancy.
  • To assess the transfer of antibodies to infants via maternal immunization.
  • To explore potential future maternal vaccines for enhanced infant protection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical studies and vaccine trial data.
  • Analysis of antibody levels in maternal and infant serum samples.
  • Evaluation of vaccine safety profiles in pregnant populations.

Main Results:

  • Recommended vaccines (influenza, tetanus, acellular pertussis) are safe and effective in pregnancy.
  • Other studied vaccines (pneumococcus, group B Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococcus) are safe, immunogenic, and provide infant antibodies.
  • Vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex virus, and cytomegalovirus are under development for maternal immunization.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal immunization is a viable strategy for protecting infants against serious infectious diseases.
  • Several vaccines are proven safe and effective for use during pregnancy, conferring passive immunity to offspring.
  • Ongoing research into new maternal vaccines holds promise for further enhancing infant protection against a wider range of pathogens.