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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

253
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
253
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

121
Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
121
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

159
Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
159
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

194
Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
194
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

338
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
338
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

138
The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
138

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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
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Clinically relevant pharmacogenomic testing in pediatric practice.

Lindsey Korbel1, Mathew George2, Joseph Kitzmiller3

  • 1The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA lindsey.korbel@osumc.edu.

Clinical Pediatrics
|May 8, 2014
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Summary

Personalized medicine uses pharmacogenomics to tailor treatments. This review covers pediatric pharmacogenomics applications and recommendations for clinicians, focusing on key drug classes.

Keywords:
geneticspediatricspharmacogenomicspharmacotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Personalized Medicine
  • Pediatric Pharmacology

Background:

  • Personalized medicine aims to optimize healthcare by tailoring strategies to individual genetic makeup.
  • Pharmacogenomics plays a crucial role in achieving personalized medicine goals.
  • Interest in pharmacogenomics is growing among clinicians and patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of pharmacogenomics.
  • To discuss challenges of pharmacogenomics in pediatric populations.
  • To offer evidence-based recommendations for pediatric clinicians.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current pharmacogenomics research.
  • Discussion of pharmacogenomics in relation to specific drug classes.
  • Analysis of the future role of pharmacogenomics testing in pediatrics.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacogenomics offers potential for improved pediatric healthcare.
  • Specific considerations and caveats exist for pediatric pharmacogenomics.
  • Evidence-based recommendations are provided for clinical implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenomics is essential for advancing personalized pediatric medicine.
  • Future integration of pharmacogenomics testing holds significant promise.
  • Tailoring pharmacotherapy based on genetic profiles can enhance treatment efficacy and safety.