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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

29
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
29
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
26
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

22
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
22
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

23
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
23
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.1K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

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Thyroid disorders during pregnancy.

Nisha Nathan1, Shannon D Sullivan1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital and Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Suite 2A-72, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid disorders are common in women of childbearing age and pregnancy. Early identification and treatment of maternal thyroid dysfunction are crucial for positive pregnancy and fetal outcomes.

Keywords:
Autoimmune thyroid diseaseHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismIsolated hypothyroxinemiaPregnancyThyroid gland physiology

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders frequently affect women of reproductive age.
  • Pregnancy involves physiological thyroid changes that can mask or mimic thyroid dysfunction.
  • Nonspecific symptoms of thyroid disease can lead to missed or delayed diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy.
  • To emphasize the association between maternal thyroid dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • To underscore the importance of timely diagnosis and management of thyroid conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid function during pregnancy.
  • Analysis of prevalence data for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in pregnant populations.
  • Examination of the impact of maternal thyroid abnormalities on maternal and fetal health.

Main Results:

  • Overt hyperthyroidism complicates 0.4%-1.7% of pregnancies.
  • Hypothyroidism affects an estimated 2%-3% of pregnant women.
  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction is linked to increased pregnancy complications.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection of thyroid disorders before or during pregnancy is essential.
  • Appropriate management of thyroid dysfunction improves maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Screening for thyroid abnormalities should be considered in women of childbearing age and pregnant individuals.