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    User expectations for cursor navigation on displays are influenced by element arrangement and context. Developing rules based on perceptual grouping improves mental models for smoother control in challenging environments like spacecraft.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Display Interface Design

    Background:

    • The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle requires a "caged" cursor for precise graphical user interface (GUI) navigation due to flight dynamics.
    • Non-rectilinear node arrangements on the GUI complicate cursor movement and user expectations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To understand factors influencing user expectations for cursor navigation between GUI elements using limited-degree-of-freedom control.
    • To investigate how node proximity, relative direction, and context features affect cursor movement predictions.

    Main Methods:

    • Two studies were conducted to examine user expectations.
    • The first study focused on node characteristics, while the second explored the impact of context features on user expectations.

    Main Results:

    • Perceptual grouping significantly influences user expectations for cursor movement.
    • A rule set was developed to align mental models with natural user expectations for cursor navigation.

    Conclusions:

    • Findings aid display format designers in leveraging natural user expectations to minimize navigation errors and enhance usability.
    • The developed rules and guidelines are applicable to high-vibration/acceleration environments such as spacecraft, aircraft, and automobiles.