Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology

Area of Science:

• Physiology
• Cardiovascular Science
• Endocrinology

Background:

• The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is crucial for blood pressure and sodium homeostasis.
• Its actions are integrated across the kidney, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems.
• Beyond blood pressure, RAS influences inflammation, immunity, and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the physiological roles of the classical renin-angiotensin system.
• To highlight new developments and modern concepts in RAS research.
• To focus on the established pathway involving angiotensinogen, renin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of the classical renin-angiotensin system.
• Analysis of the sequential generation of angiotensin I and angiotensin II.
• Examination of angiotensin II actions via type 1 and type 2 receptors.

Main Results:

• The classical RAS involves angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I, then to angiotensin II.
• Angiotensin II is the primary biologically active peptide, acting through AT1 and AT2 receptors.
• Recent discoveries reveal greater complexity within the broader RAS network.

Conclusions:

• The classical RAS remains central to understanding blood pressure and sodium regulation.
• New insights are continually expanding our knowledge of this complex system.
• This review emphasizes established pathways while acknowledging emerging complexities.