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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics BM-PROMA
Published on: August 28, 2021
Cross-cultural investigation into cognitive underpinnings of individual differences in early arithmetic
Maja Rodic1, Xinlin Zhou, Tatiana Tikhomirova
1InLab, Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK; Laboratory for Cognitive Investigations and Behavioural Genetics, Tomsk State University, Russia.
Abstract:
The present study evaluated 626 5-7-year-old children in the UK, China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan on a cognitive test battery measuring: (1) general skills; (2) non-symbolic number sense; (3) symbolic number understanding; (4) simple arithmetic - operating with numbers; and (5) familiarity with numbers. Although most inter-population differences were small, 13% of the variance in arithmetic skills could be explained by the sample, replicating the pattern, previously found with older children in PISA. Furthermore, the same cognitive skills were related to early arithmetic in these diverse populations. Only understanding of symbolic number explained variation in mathematical performance in all samples. We discuss the results in terms of potential influences of socio-demographic, linguistic and genetic factors on individual differences in mathematics.
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