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Related Concept Videos

Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

16.8K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly,...
16.8K
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

13.7K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
13.7K
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

21.0K
In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
21.0K
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

15.6K
For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
15.6K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.9K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
8.9K
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

19.2K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
19.2K

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Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

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Second-sphere coordination revisited.

Zhichang Liu1, Severin T Schneebeli1, J Fraser Stoddart2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 US.

Chimia
|July 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores three decades of research on second-sphere coordination chemistry, focusing on transition metal complexes and macrocycles. It highlights advances in square-planar gold complex anions interacting with cyclodextrins.

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Second-sphere coordination, pioneered by Alfred Werner in 1913, involves transition metal complexes and macrocycles.
  • This field investigates how second-sphere ligands influence the assembly and structure of coordination adducts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review three decades of laboratory research on the second-sphere coordination chemistry of transition metal complexes.
  • To present significant advances in the second-sphere coordination chemistry of square-planar gold complex anions with cyclodextrins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of internal laboratory research over 30 years.
  • Focus on supramolecular interactions between metal complexes and macrocyclic hosts.

Main Results:

  • Extensive work on transition metal complexes as first coordination spheres.
  • Detailed examination of macrocycles as second-sphere ligands.
  • Specific advances in the interaction of gold complex anions with cyclodextrins.

Conclusions:

  • Second-sphere coordination chemistry is a dynamic and evolving field.
  • The use of cyclodextrins offers unique opportunities for designing novel supramolecular architectures.
  • Future research directions in metal-macrocycle interactions are suggested.