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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

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A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
124
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
4.1K
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

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A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
144
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

11.6K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

138
Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Crystal growth within a phase change memory cell.

Abu Sebastian1, Manuel Le Gallo1, Daniel Krebs1

  • 1IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.

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Researchers measured phase change material crystal growth velocity using phase-change memory cells. This study provides a detailed understanding of the phase change mechanism, crucial for information technology applications.

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Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Information Technology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Phase change materials (PCMs) are vital for information technology, but their phase change mechanisms remain poorly understood.
  • Experimental measurement of these mechanisms is challenging due to the nanoscale and fast timescales involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally measure the crystal growth velocity of a phase change material.
  • To investigate the phase change mechanism at the nanometre length and nanosecond timescale.
  • To provide a consistent description of crystal growth velocity's temperature dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized phase-change memory cells for nanoscale and nanosecond timescale measurements.
  • Studied the material in its technologically relevant melt-quenched phase.
  • Performed measurements directly within the application environment.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured crystal growth velocity at the nanometre length and nanosecond timescale.
  • Obtained a consistent description of the temperature dependence of crystal growth velocity.
  • Characterized the material's behavior in the glass and super-cooled liquid states up to melting.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the phase change mechanism in PCMs at relevant operational scales.
  • Provides critical data for optimizing PCM-based information technology.
  • Advances the fundamental understanding of crystal growth dynamics in super-cooled liquids.