Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

1.0K
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
1.0K
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

542
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
542
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

374
Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
374
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

95
Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
95
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

882
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
882
pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

48.9K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
48.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Must we do this again? Evaluating JOL carryover effects in cued-recall.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same author

A Network of Actions - Evaluating False Recall and Recognition of Objects After Studying Affordances.

Experimental psychology·2026
Same author

Evaluating the Efficacy of Detection Instructions on Additive and Contradictory Misinformation in Older and Younger Adults Using Eyewitnessed Visual Scenes.

Experimental aging research·2026
Same author

Generating drawings enhances the drawing effect relative to replicating drawings.

Memory (Hove, England)·2025
Same author

Differential weighting of information during aloud and silent reading: Evidence from representational similarity analysis of fMRI data.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2025
Same author

Critical lure source details are "correctly" attributed to both directly related and mediated lists.

Frontiers in psychology·2025
Same journal

Unpacking similarity effects in visual memory search: categorical, semantic, and visual contributions.

Journal of memory and language·2026
Same journal

Pausing to breathe and the speech-language relationship in production.

Journal of memory and language·2026
Same journal

Lexical tone is different and special: Evidence from a speeded repeated production task.

Journal of memory and language·2026
Same journal

Listening to disfluent speech: Robust effect at processing may not extend to learning.

Journal of memory and language·2025
Same journal

Close enough isn't good enough in word learning: Successful cross-situational word mappings are semantically independent of previous mappings.

Journal of memory and language·2025
Same journal

Language Control After Phrasal Planning: Playing Whack-a-Mole with Language Switch Costs.

Journal of memory and language·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding
06:33

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

Published on: October 11, 2018

6.5K

All varieties of encoding variability are not created equal: Separating variable processing from variable tasks.

Mark J Huff1, Glen E Bodner1

  • 1University of Calgary.

Journal of Memory and Language
|July 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Encoding variability aids memory recall and recognition, especially with weakly related items. Benefits emerge when both item-specific and relational processing are employed, reconciling prior research.

Keywords:
encoding variabilityfalse recognitionfree recallitem-specific and relational processingrecognition

More Related Videos

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

4.8K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

4.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding
06:33

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

Published on: October 11, 2018

6.5K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

4.8K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

4.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Memory

Background:

  • Encoding variability is a key factor influencing memory performance.
  • Previous research yielded contradictory findings regarding the benefits of encoding variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how encoding variability, specifically item-specific and relational processing, impacts memory recall and recognition.
  • To determine the conditions under which encoding variability benefits memory, considering list relatedness and processing complementarity.

Main Methods:

  • Participants were assigned to either variable-processing or repeated-task groups.
  • Variable-processing groups performed both item-specific and relational tasks across study blocks.
  • List items were either weakly or strongly related, and processing complementarity was manipulated.

Main Results:

  • Recall and recognition were highest in the variable-processing group, particularly with weakly related lists.
  • A benefit of variable processing was observed when task-based and list-type processing were complementary, not redundant.
  • Performing both item-specific and relational processing, either across or within trials, enhanced memory.

Conclusions:

  • Encoding variability, achieved through varied processing strategies (item-specific and relational), facilitates memory.
  • The effectiveness of encoding variability is contingent on list item relatedness and the complementary nature of processing tasks.
  • These findings help reconcile conflicting results in the encoding variability literature.