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Updated: Apr 26, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
Published on: July 30, 2017
Olfactory reference syndrome: a still open nosological and treatment debate
Jule Ane Ferreira1, Renata P Dallaqua1, Leonardo F Fontenelle2
1Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University-Univ Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Brazil.
Objective:
The objective was to report a case of olfactory reference syndrome (ORS) with several co-occurring disorders and to discuss ORS differential diagnoses, diagnostic criteria and classification.
Method:
Case report.
Results:
A 37-year-old married woman presented overvalued ideas of having bad breath since adolescence. She met current diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder and major depressive disorder. ORS similarities and differences with some related disorders are discussed.
Conclusion:
Further studies regarding symptoms, biomarkers and outcomes are needed to fully disentangle ORS from existing depressive, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.
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