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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation Numbers03:14

Oxidation Numbers

33.3K
In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

9.9K
In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

15.4K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

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High correlation between oxidation loci on graphene oxide.

Jinrong Yang1, Guosheng Shi, Yusong Tu

  • 1Department Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800 (China); University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 (China).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Graphene oxide (GO) atomic structure formation is explained by a new kinetic model. Oxidation occurs in correlated regions, not randomly, due to bond breaking, steric hindrance, and hydrogen bonds.

Keywords:
carbondensity functional calculationsgraphene oxideoxidation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) exhibits coexisting oxidized and unoxidized regions.
  • The atomic-level mechanism governing GO structure formation is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism behind graphene oxide atomic structure formation.
  • To propose a kinetic model for graphene oxidation.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional calculations were employed.
  • 52 oxidation pathways for local pyrene structures on GO were identified.

Main Results:

  • A kinetic profile for graphene oxidation was proposed, showing high correlation between oxidation sites.
  • This contradicts the conventional view of random oxidation site distribution.
  • Key factors identified: breaking of delocalized π-bonds, steric hindrance, and hydrogen-bond formation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model explains the coexistence of large unoxidized and oxidized regions in GO.
  • Steric effects allow for persistent sp(2)-hybridized domains within oxidized areas of GO.