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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
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Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

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Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance...
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
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Paradoxical embolism.

Stephan Windecker1, Stefan Stortecky1, Bernhard Meier1

  • 1Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology
|July 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paradoxical embolism, a serious condition in venous thromboembolism patients with shunts, is under-recognized. This review covers its diverse presentations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Keywords:
embolismparadoxicalpatent foramen ovalestroke

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Paradoxical embolism occurs in patients with venous thromboembolism and abnormal heart or lung shunts.
  • It presents diversely and can be life-threatening.
  • This condition is often under-diagnosed and under-reported despite its severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of paradoxical embolism.
  • To discuss diagnostic approaches for intracardiac and pulmonary shunts.
  • To review therapeutic strategies and secondary prevention guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic options.
  • Summary of current guideline recommendations for secondary prevention.

Main Results:

  • Paradoxical embolism has varied clinical presentations.
  • Diagnostic tools for shunts include echocardiography and CT scans.
  • Treatment involves anticoagulation, shunt closure, and risk factor management.

Conclusions:

  • Increased awareness and timely diagnosis of paradoxical embolism are crucial.
  • Multidisciplinary management is key for optimal patient outcomes.
  • Adherence to secondary prevention guidelines reduces recurrence risk.