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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

18
Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
18
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

40
Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
40

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
08:07

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Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury.

Chester H Ho1, Ronald J Triolo2, Anastasia L Elias3

  • 1Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Room 1195, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|July 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can restore function after spinal cord injuries (SCI) by using intact nerves and muscles. This therapy offers exercise options, manages complications, and improves outcomes for individuals with SCI.

Keywords:
Electric stimulationElectrodesMuscle spasticityNeurogenic urinary bladderParalysisPressure ulcerRehabilitationSpinal cord injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spinal cord injuries (SCI) disrupt brain-body communication, leading to loss of motor control.
  • Intact neuromuscular systems remain functional despite SCI.
  • Medical complications and reduced quality of life are common after SCI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the therapeutic potential of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for individuals with SCI.
  • To highlight FES as a method for functional restoration and complication management.
  • To advocate for the integration of FES into lifelong SCI rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Application of FES to the central and peripheral nervous system.
  • Utilizing intact neuromuscular pathways for therapeutic interventions.
  • Review of existing FES devices and their role in SCI care.

Main Results:

  • FES enables the use of intact neuromuscular systems for therapeutic exercises.
  • Restoration of muscular and organ functions is achievable with FES.
  • FES has the potential to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with SCI.

Conclusions:

  • FES is a viable therapeutic option for SCI management.
  • FES can facilitate functional restoration and improve quality of life.
  • Commercially available FES devices should be considered for lifelong SCI rehabilitation.