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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Births: preliminary data for 2009.

Brady E Hamilton, Joyce A Martin, Stephanie J Ventura

    National Vital Statistics Reports : From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    In 2009, U.S. births declined, reaching record lows for teenage birth rates. Cesarean delivery rates increased, while preterm birth rates decreased, and low birthweight rates remained stable.

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    Area of Science:

    • Demography
    • Public Health
    • Reproductive Health

    Background:

    • The United States experienced a notable shift in birth statistics in 2009.
    • Understanding demographic trends in births is crucial for public health planning and resource allocation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present preliminary data on U.S. births in 2009.
    • To analyze birth data by maternal age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and low birthweight (LBW).

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized preliminary birth data representing 99.95% of all U.S. births in 2009.
    • Employed weighting to independent control counts from state vital statistics offices.
    • Compared 2009 data with final 2008 birth statistics.

    Main Results:

    • Total U.S. births decreased by 3% to 4,131,019 in 2009, with fertility rates also declining.
    • Birth rates fell across all race and Hispanic origin groups, with teenage birth rates reaching historic lows.
    • Cesarean delivery rates climbed to a record high of 32.9%, while preterm birth rates declined for the third consecutive year to 12.18%.

    Conclusions:

    • The 2009 data indicate a significant decline in U.S. births and fertility rates, particularly among teenagers.
    • Despite a decrease in preterm births, cesarean delivery rates continued to rise, highlighting evolving obstetric practices.
    • The stability in low birthweight rates suggests ongoing challenges in addressing this critical public health indicator.