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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

189
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Related Experiment Video

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Bickerstaff's encephalitis.

Emma Horton1, Sanjay Krishnamoorthy2, Lucy Reynolds3

  • 1Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|August 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, a rare neurological disorder, typically presents with eye movement issues, poor coordination, and reduced consciousness. This case highlights an unusual presentation involving pseudobulbar affect, expanding our understanding of this Guillain-Barré syndrome variant.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Rare Diseases

Background:

  • Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is a rare neurological syndrome.
  • It is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and decreased consciousness.
  • BBE is considered a variant of Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome, with distinct central nervous system involvement.

Observation:

  • This report details an atypical case of Bickerstaff's encephalitis.
  • The patient exhibited pseudobulbar affect as a primary presenting symptom.
  • This contrasts with the typical triad of symptoms.

Findings:

  • The case demonstrates that Bickerstaff's encephalitis can manifest with neurological symptoms beyond the classic triad.
  • Pseudobulbar affect, characterized by involuntary emotional expression, was a key feature in this unusual presentation.
  • This finding suggests a broader clinical spectrum for BBE.

Implications:

  • This case expands the differential diagnosis for pseudobulbar affect.
  • It underscores the importance of considering BBE in patients with unexplained neurological deficits, including altered consciousness and ophthalmoplegia.
  • Further research may elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying atypical BBE presentations.