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Q fever epidemic in Hungary, April to July 2013

M Gyuranecz1, Km Sulyok, E Balla

  • 1Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.

Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin
|August 11, 2014
PubMed

Insights

A Q fever outbreak in Hungary was linked to a sheep flock. Coxiella burnetii was found in sheep manure and milk, with genetic analysis confirming the sheep as the source of human infections.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii.
  • Outbreaks can occur in areas with livestock, posing risks to human health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the source and transmission of a Q fever outbreak in southern Hungary.
  • To confirm the etiological agent and its link between animal and human cases.

Main Methods:

  • Human serum and blood samples analyzed using micro-immunofluorescence and real-time PCR.
  • Sheep flock seroprevalence determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  • Coxiella burnetii DNA detection in milk and manure samples via real-time PCR.
  • Molecular typing (multispacer sequence typing and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis) of C. burnetii strains.

Main Results:

  • Seventy human Q fever cases were confirmed.
  • High seropositivity (44.6%) detected in the merino sheep flock.
  • C. burnetii DNA found in sheep milk and a significant proportion of manure samples.
  • Identical C. burnetii strains (sequence type 18 and specific MLVA pattern) identified in human and sheep samples.

Conclusions:

  • The merino sheep flock was identified as the definitive source of the Q fever outbreak.
  • Wind dispersal of contaminated manure and maternal fluids is the hypothesized transmission route.
  • Timely farm disinfection and manure removal led to the outbreak's termination.

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