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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

Expectancy effects during response selection modulate attentional selection and inhibitory control networks.

Witold X Chmielewski¹, Moritz Mückschel¹, Veit Roessner¹

¹Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, D-01309 Dresden, Germany.

Behavioural Brain Research

|August 14, 2014

Summary

Expectancy influences cognitive processes in response selection, specifically impacting attentional and inhibitory mechanisms based on trial transitions. These effects differ between compatible and incompatible trial sequences.

Keywords:

Attention Conflict monitoring EEG Expectancy Response inhibition Source localization

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Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

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Published on: July 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroscience
Psychology

Background:

Response selection is crucial, especially with conflicting tendencies.
The congruency sequence effect (Gratton effect) is influenced by trial expectancies.
Existing theories differ on the role of expectancy in sequence effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of expectancy in sequence congruency effects.
To explore neurophysiological correlates of expectancy modulation.
To identify cognitive subprocesses affected by expectancy during response selection.

Main Methods:

Utilized a flanker task with manipulated trial transition probabilities.
Employed event-related potentials (ERPs) and source localization.
Analyzed expectancy effects on different trial transition categories.

Main Results:

Expectancy modulated trial transitions within the same compatibility category only.
Attentional selection (precuneus) was affected in compatible transitions.
Inhibitory processes (medial frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex, etc.) were modulated in incompatible transitions.
Conflict monitoring was not modulated by expectancy.

Conclusions:

Cognitive subprocesses modulated by expectancy are dependent on expected trial transitions.
Expectancy influences distinct neural mechanisms (attention vs. inhibition) based on trial compatibility.
Sequence congruency effects involve different subprocesses modulated by expectancy.