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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow
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"Mesenchymal" stem cells.

Paolo Bianco1

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|August 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are described as either skeletal stem cells or ubiquitous connective tissue cells. This review clarifies the conceptual and experimental divergence of these two MSC definitions.

Keywords:
bone marrow nichebone marrow stromal cellscell therapypericytetransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Connective tissue research
  • Skeletal physiology

Background:

  • Two distinct definitions of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) currently exist.
  • One defines MSCs as specific bone marrow perivascular cells crucial for skeletal development and regeneration.
  • The other views MSCs as broadly distributed connective tissue cells characterized by in vitro properties and immunomodulatory functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the conceptual and experimental origins of the two opposing MSC descriptions.
  • To clarify the confusion arising from the collision of these two viewpoints.
  • To reconcile the different perspectives on MSC identity and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis.
  • Examination of experimental evidence supporting each MSC definition.
  • Discussion of the historical development of MSC research.

Main Results:

  • The "skeletal stem cell" view aligns MSCs with specific perivascular cells vital for bone and hematopoietic stem cell niches.
  • The alternative "ubiquitous MSC" view defines cells by in vitro characteristics and therapeutic immunomodulation, not inherent stemness.
  • Divergent experimental approaches and interpretations have led to the current definitional conflict.

Conclusions:

  • The differing definitions stem from distinct experimental models and interpretations of cell function.
  • Clarifying the identity of MSCs is critical for understanding their roles in physiology and therapy.
  • Further research is needed to reconcile these viewpoints and establish a unified MSC definition.