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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Constraints on spin-dependent short-range interaction between nucleons.

K Tullney1, F Allmendinger2, M Burghoff3

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|August 29, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study searched for axionlike particles using a novel magnetometer. The experiment set new laboratory upper bounds on the coupling of these light pseudoscalar bosons to neutrons.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics
  • Quantum Sensing

Background:

  • Searches for new fundamental interactions beyond the Standard Model are crucial.
  • Axions and axionlike particles are hypothetical light pseudoscalar bosons proposed as dark matter candidates and solutions to the strong CP problem.
  • P- and T-violating nucleon-nucleon interactions are predicted by theories involving such particles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To search for a spin-dependent P- and T-violating nucleon-nucleon interaction.
  • To probe the existence of light pseudoscalar bosons, such as axions or axionlike particles.
  • To improve laboratory upper bounds on the coupling of these particles to neutrons.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an ultrasensitive low-field magnetometer.
  • Employed free precession of colocated Helium-3 (3He) and Xenon-129 (129Xe) nuclear spins.
  • Detected magnetic flux changes using Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs).
  • Measured precession frequency shifts in the presence of an unpolarized mass.

Main Results:

  • Established new laboratory upper bounds for boson masses between 2 and 500 μeV.
  • Improved existing upper bounds by up to 4 orders of magnitude.
  • Constrained the coupling of pseudoscalar particles to the spin of the bound neutron.

Conclusions:

  • The experiment significantly advanced the search for axionlike particles within a specific mass range.
  • The findings place stringent constraints on theories predicting such interactions.
  • The employed magnetometer technology demonstrates high sensitivity for fundamental physics searches.