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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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Hepatitis C in African Americans.

Sammy Saab1, Christian Jackson2, Jose Nieto3

  • 1Pfleger Liver Institute, UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.

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African Americans experience higher hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and mortality. While direct-acting agents may narrow the treatment gap, healthcare providers must improve screening and address disparities in HCV care.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • African Americans face disproportionately higher hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence and mortality.
  • Despite slower fibrosis progression, hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality rates are elevated in African Americans with HCV.
  • Historically, sustained viral response (SVR) rates for HCV have lagged in African Americans compared to Caucasians.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significant health disparity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) care experienced by African Americans.
  • To explore the factors contributing to lower SVR rates in African Americans.
  • To emphasize the need for improved screening, referral, and treatment strategies for HCV in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HCV prevalence, outcomes, and treatment response in African Americans.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to disparities in SVR rates.
  • Discussion of the impact of direct-acting antiviral agents on treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • African Americans exhibit higher HCV prevalence and mortality rates.
  • Lower SVR rates in African Americans are attributed to complex viral and host factors.
  • Direct-acting agents show promise in narrowing the SVR gap between African Americans and Caucasians.
  • Low enrollment in clinical trials impedes research on anti-viral therapy efficacy in African Americans.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing modifiable risk factors and improving healthcare provider awareness are crucial for better HCV outcomes in African Americans.
  • Enhanced screening and referral patterns are necessary to mitigate HCV health disparities.
  • The advent of direct-acting agents offers a potential pathway to reduce the SVR gap, but continued vigilance and research are essential.