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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate
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Subretinal hemorrhage.

Glenn Yiu1, Tamer H Mahmoud

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA.

Developments in Ophthalmology
|September 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large submacular hemorrhage (SMH) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) requires advanced treatments beyond standard injections. This review explores surgical options for SMH management, offering insights into current evidence and techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Retinal Diseases
  • Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Background:

  • Large submacular hemorrhage (SMH) is a severe complication of neovascular AMD.
  • Standard anti-VEGF injections are often insufficient for managing SMH.
  • Patients with coagulopathies or on anticoagulants have increased susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current treatment options for managing SMH in neovascular AMD.
  • To discuss the evidence supporting various SMH management techniques.
  • To highlight factors influencing the choice of treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Pneumatic displacement with or without intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
  • Pars plana vitrectomy with subretinal tPA and gas tamponade.
  • Submacular surgery involving vitrectomy and retinotomy for clot extraction.

Main Results:

  • No definitive consensus exists on the preferred SMH management technique.
  • Treatment choice often depends on hemorrhage extent, duration, and surgeon preference.
  • Evidence supporting each technique is currently under review.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of SMH in AMD necessitates specialized surgical interventions.
  • A range of surgical approaches are available, each with specific indications.
  • Further evidence is needed to establish a clear treatment hierarchy for SMH.