Colloidal structures of asymmetric dimers via orientation-dependent interactions

We apply an AC electric field to induce anisotropic interactions among asymmetric colloidal dimers. These anisotropic interactions, being shape-specific and orientation-dependent, can create complex and unique structures that are not possible for spherical particles or symmetric dimers. More specifically, we show a series of novel structures that closely resemble one- and two-dimensional antiferromagnetic lattices, including small clusters, linear chains, square lattices, and frustrated triangular arrays. All of them are uniquely formed by alternating association between dimers with opposite orientations. Our theoretical model attributes those patterns to an exquisite balance between electrostatic (primarily dipolar) and electrohydrodynamic interactions. Although similarly oriented dimers are strongly repulsive, the oppositely oriented dimers possess a concave shoulder in the pair interaction, which favors clustering to minimize the number of overlaps between neighboring particles. By combining the anisotropy in both particle geometry and field-induced interaction, our work suggests a new way to tailor colloidal interactions on anisotropic particles, which is important for both scientific understanding and practical applications.