Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

6.0K
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
6.0K
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

8.3K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
8.3K
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

1.7K
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
1.7K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

8.4K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
8.4K
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

4.2K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study.

Lancet (London, England)·2010
Same author

Heart failure and incident late-life depression.

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society·2010
Same author

Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and cognitive functioning in early childhood: the generation R study.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2010
Same author

Predicting survival and morbidity-free survival to very old age.

Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)·2010
Same author

Serum C reactive protein levels and genetic variation in the CRP gene are not associated with the prevalence, incidence or progression of osteoarthritis independent of body mass index.

Annals of the rheumatic diseases·2010
Same author

Paroxysmal disorders in infancy and their risk factors in a population-based cohort: the Generation R Study.

Developmental medicine and child neurology·2010

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients
07:06

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

3.2K

Visual consequences of refractive errors in the general population.

Virginie J M Verhoeven1, King T Wong2, Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Ophthalmology
|September 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High myopia significantly increases the risk of visual impairment, with myopic macular degeneration being a primary cause. Other refractive errors also contribute to vision loss, primarily due to age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.

More Related Videos

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

2.1K
Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

812

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients
07:06

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

3.2K
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

2.1K
Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

812

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Vision Science
  • Epidemiology of Eye Diseases
  • Refractive Error Research

Background:

  • Refractive errors are common vision conditions that can lead to visual impairment.
  • Understanding the relationship between specific refractive errors and the risk of vision loss is crucial for public health.
  • Previous studies have not fully elucidated the long-term consequences of various refractive error categories on visual function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and etiological factors of visual impairment across different refractive error categories.
  • To determine the cumulative risk of visual impairment associated with emmetropia, hyperopia, and myopia over time.
  • To identify the primary causes of vision loss in individuals with varying degrees of refractive error.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based cohort study involving participants from the Rotterdam Study I and II, aged 55 years and older.
  • Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations including visual acuity, objective refraction, fundus photography, visual field perimetry, and optical coherence tomography.
  • Calculation of cumulative risks and odds ratios for visual impairment, with causes determined from screening data and medical records.

Main Results:

  • Cumulative risk of visual impairment increased with age, reaching 33.7% for high myopia by age 85.
  • High myopia conferred a significantly increased lifetime risk of visual impairment, with odds ratios up to 22.0 for severe myopia (-10 D or less).
  • Major causes of visual impairment included myopic macular degeneration (38.9%) in high myopia, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract in other refractive error groups.

Conclusions:

  • High myopia is associated with the most severe visual consequences among all refractive errors.
  • Irreversible macular pathological features are the predominant cause of visual impairment in individuals with high myopia.
  • Ophthalmologists should be vigilant for these complications in patients with high myopia.