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Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

Location and Orientation of the Heart

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The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Layers of the Heart Wall01:15

Layers of the Heart Wall

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The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart
08:24

Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

Published on: August 23, 2018

13.0K

Foreign bodies in the heart.

Marina Leitman1, Zvi Vered

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)
|October 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Foreign bodies in the heart are rare but can cause serious complications. Most migrate to the heart, often presenting years later, requiring surgical or percutaneous removal.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Foreign bodies in the heart are uncommon but potentially life-threatening, with diverse origins and presentation timelines.
  • Diagnostic imaging modalities include X-ray, CT, and echocardiography.
  • Management options range from conservative observation to surgical or percutaneous removal.

Observation:

  • A total of 104 cases (100 literature, 4 hospital-based) were analyzed.
  • The average patient age was 46, with a male predominance (73 men vs. 31 women).
  • Common foreign bodies included inferior vena cava filter parts and hydrocephalus shunts.

Findings:

  • Foreign bodies were symptomatic in 56% of patients, with the right heart chambers being the most common location.
Keywords:
echocardiographyforeign bodyheart

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  • Migration was the primary cause (88%), with presentations occurring within 24 hours (20%) or years later (30%).
  • Mortality was 3.8% (4 patients); 54% underwent surgical removal, 29% percutaneous removal, and 14% were managed conservatively.

    • Implications:

    • Physicians must recognize the varied presentations of cardiac foreign bodies, which can be fatal.
    • Delayed diagnosis and management can lead to severe complications.
    • Larger intracardiac foreign bodies are associated with increased complication severity.