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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

3.3K
Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
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Hepatitis B: future curative strategies.

Antonio Bertoletti1, Laura Rivino

  • 1aProgram Emerging infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore bSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore cSchool of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham, UK.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New therapies for chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection target infected cells or boost immunity. These innovative treatments aim to overcome limitations of current nucleotide/nucleoside analogues and interferon-alpha therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global cause of liver disease.
  • Current treatments like nucleotide/nucleoside analogues and interferon-alpha have limited efficacy.
  • Development of novel therapeutic tools for chronic HBV is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV.
  • To highlight approaches targeting HBV-infected hepatocytes.
  • To review methods for restoring antiviral immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Analysis of approaches targeting viral entry and protein expression.
  • Evaluation of immunotherapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Novel therapies directly target HBV-infected hepatocytes by inducing covalently closed circular DNA degradation, inhibiting HBV entry, or blocking viral protein expression.
  • Immunotherapeutic approaches aim to enhance HBV-specific T-cell responses and stimulate the intrahepatic innate immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Most new therapeutic approaches have been evaluated in animal models.
  • Human therapeutic strategies may require tailoring based on individual patient clinical and virological profiles.