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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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tRNA modifications regulate translation during cellular stress.

Chen Gu1, Thomas J Begley2, Peter C Dedon3

  • 1Department of Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.

FEBS Letters
|October 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular stress responses involve dynamic translation control. Stress reprograms transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications to regulate specific transcripts (MoTTs), enhancing cell survival.

Keywords:
Codon usageModified ribonucleosideStress responseTransfer RNATranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression regulation is crucial for cellular protection against stress.
  • Translational control, particularly during elongation, is increasingly recognized as a dynamic stress response mechanism.
  • Advances in tRNA modification analysis and codon bias analytics enable new insights into translational regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel model for translational control during stress responses.
  • To introduce and define tRNA modification tunable transcripts (MoTTs).
  • To elucidate the role of tRNA modifications in stress adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide codon counting algorithms to identify MoTTs.
  • Analysis of tRNA modification patterns under stress conditions.
  • Utilizing tRNA methyltransferase mutants, translation assays, computational approaches, and mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

  • Stress induces specific anticodon wobble base modifications in tRNA.
  • These modifications are essential for optimal translation of stress response transcripts (MoTTs).
  • Stress reprograms tRNA modifications, particularly for arginine and leucine codons, to regulate MoTTs and promote cell survival.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA modification tunable transcripts (MoTTs) are a key component of the cellular stress response.
  • tRNA methyltransferase activity is critical for reprogramming tRNA modifications during stress.
  • This mechanism represents a significant cellular protection strategy against damaging agents.