Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

453
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
453
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

2.8K
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
2.8K
First Impression01:09

First Impression

421
First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
421
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

5.9K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
5.9K
Storage01:23

Storage

502
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
502
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

3.5K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
3.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An open, fully-processed data resource for studying mood and sleep variability in the developing brain.

Aperture neuro·2026
Same author

The PMADS Project: A Longitudinal Multimodal Cohort Study to Understand Risk for Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Impaired intrinsic motivation in psychosis risk relates to ventral striatum activation to self-generated reinforcement signals.

Schizophrenia research·2026
Same author

Identifying Priority Research Questions for Decentralized Wastewater.

Environmental science & technology·2025
Same author

An Open, Fully-processed, Longitudinal Data Resource to Study Brain Development and Transdiagnostic Executive Function.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Quantification of Tryptophan and NAD<sup>+</sup> Proton Magnetization Exchange With Water Using Downfield <sup>1</sup>H MRS in the Human Brain at 7 T.

Magnetic resonance in medicine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

17.3K

Atemporal equilibria: pro- and retroactive coding in the dynamics of cognitive microstructures.

Mark A Elliott1

  • 1School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Neural synchronization in the gamma band (30-70 Hz) aids stimulus grouping. This study reveals cognition can flexibly anticipate or retroactively process stimuli, challenging linear time perception.

Keywords:
gamma bandoscillatory synchronizationpro- and retroactive microcognitionprotentionvisual-event coding

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

1.4K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

12.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

17.3K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

1.4K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

12.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Neural synchronization, particularly in the gamma band (30-70 Hz), is hypothesized to be crucial for integrating sensory information.
  • Previous research suggests that dynamic priming, using sub-threshold stimuli, can expedite target detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of stimulus timing and phase relationships in dynamic priming effects.
  • To explore how neural processing, specifically gamma band synchronization, influences temporal aspects of cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a detection task with stimuli presented below perceptual thresholds.
  • Varying the frequency and phase of priming and target stimuli to analyze reaction times.
  • Examining the relationship between stimulus event timing and response facilitation.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic priming effects were observed, where stimuli presented at specific frequencies and phases improved target detection.
  • Cognitive processing was found to be flexible, capable of anticipating or retroactively coding stimuli based on phase relationships.
  • The findings suggest that neural assemblies can operate within a temporal context that extends beyond a simple past-to-future flow.

Conclusions:

  • Microstructural cognition operates within a dynamic temporal framework, capable of shifting between past and future states.
  • The conventional linear model of time does not fully account for cognitive processing, which can anticipate or retroactively code events.
  • Consciousness may be fundamentally structured by cognitive states that navigate short temporal intervals flexibly.