Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A New Type of Nonsuppressible Viremia Produced by HIV-Infected Macrophage.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026

Same author

A New Type of Nonsuppressible Viremia Produced by HIV-Infected Macrophage.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Quantitative EBV detection from whole blood on the COBAS 6800 system in response to Song J, Kim S, Kwak E, Park Y. Applicability of the cobas 6800 System for Epstein-Barr viral load quantitation using whole-blood specimens. Am J Clin Pathol. 2024 Mar 1;161(3):273-282. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqad146. PMID: 37936258.

American journal of clinical pathology·2025

Same author

Optimization and Benchmarking of RT-LAMP-CRISPR-Cas12a for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

Ultrasensitive, Real-Time Detection of Viral Antigens and RNA Enabled by Scalable Graphene-Based FET Sensors for Pathogen Detection: A Case Study on COVID-19.

ACS sensors·2025

Same author

Improved costs and turnaround time for Treponema pallidum detection utilising a real-time PCR assay developed for the Hologic Panther Fusion system.

Pathology·2024

Same journal

Use of gloves: current evidence vs. current use.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Understanding challenges to prevention of healthcare related infections.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Harnessing next-generation microbial diagnostics to optimize infection management in immunocompromised hosts.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of antimicrobial-resistant infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Dengue and chikungunya vaccines past, present and future: implications for travelers.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Oropouche virus: viral evolution, epidemiological trends, and challenges for control.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

Antiviral resistance testing.

¹Public Health England, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

|October 15, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers increased sensitivity for detecting drug-resistant minority variants in viral populations, improving antiviral resistance testing. Clinical validation is crucial to prevent misinterpretation and ensure appropriate patient treatment.

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Published on: October 11, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 22, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

Published on: October 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology
Genetics

Background:

Current genotypic resistance tests have limitations in detecting drug-resistant minority variants below 20%.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is emerging as a more sensitive diagnostic tool.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current resistance testing methods.
To explore the opportunities and challenges of implementing NGS for genotypic resistance testing.

Main Methods:

Review of existing genotypic resistance tests.
Analysis of the potential and challenges of NGS assays for clinical use.

Main Results:

NGS addresses limitations of current tests by detecting low-frequency variants.
Technical challenges in NGS are being resolved, with assays undergoing validation.
NGS shows promise for drugs with low genetic barriers and HIV-1 tropism testing.

Conclusions:

NGS implementation in diagnostics offers enhanced sensitivity and potentially lower costs for antiviral resistance tests.
Clinical validation of minority variant reporting is essential to avoid over-interpretation.
Inadequate validation risks denying effective antiviral therapies to patients.