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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
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Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediate viral entry.

Brian Sims1, Linlin Gu2, Alexandre Krendelchtchikov2

  • 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA ; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

International Journal of Nanomedicine
|November 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural stem cell-derived exosomes facilitate virus entry into cells independently of cellular receptors. Targeting TIM-4 on exosomes can block this receptor-independent viral entry, offering new therapeutic avenues.

Keywords:
TIM-4adenovirus type 5neural stem cell-derived exosomesphospholipidsviral entry

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Viruses typically enter host cells via receptor-ligand interactions.
  • Receptor-independent viral entry mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
  • Exosomal trafficking presents a potential pathway for virus cell entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of exosomes in mediating cellular viral entry.
  • To explore exosome-mediated, receptor-independent viral entry using adenovirus type 5 (Ad5).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized neural stem cell-derived exosomes and Ad5 for proof-of-principle experiments.
  • Assessed Ad5 entry into Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-deficient cells.
  • Analyzed exosome composition for viral entry mediators and tested blocking antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes significantly enhanced Ad5 entry into CAR-deficient cells.
  • Exosomes were found to contain T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 4 (TIM-4).
  • Anti-TIM-4 antibody treatment blocked exosome-mediated Ad5 entry.

Conclusions:

  • Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediate Ad5 cellular entry in a receptor-independent manner.
  • TIM-4 on exosomes appears crucial for this entry mechanism.
  • Findings support the development of therapeutics or vaccines targeting virus-exosome pathways.