Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 21, 2026
Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation
Published on: January 12, 2016
Central nervous system penetration-effectiveness rank does not reliably predict neurocognitive impairment in
Raffaella Libertone1, Patrizia Lorenzini1, Pietro Balestra1
1Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Introduction:
Central nervous system (CNS) penetration-effectiveness (CPE) rank was proposed in 2008 as an estimate of penetration of ARV regimen into the CNS, and validated as predictor of CSF HIV-1 replication. RESULTS on predictive role of CPE on neurocognitive and clinical outcome were conflicting.
Materials And Methods:
Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of neurocognitive profile in HIV-infected cART-treated patients. All patients underwent neuropsychological (NP) assessment by standardized battery of 14 tests on 5 different domains. People were classified as having NCI if they scored >1 standard deviation (SD) below the normal mean in at least two tests, or >2 SD below in one test. Linear and logistic regression analyses were fitted using as outcome Npz8 and impaired/not impaired respectively.
Results:
A total of 660 HIV-infected cART-treated individuals from 2009 to 2014, contributing a total of 1003 tests (mean age 49 (IQR 43-56), male 82%; median current CD4 586/mm(3); 18% HCV infected; HIV-RNA <40 cp/mL in 84%). Current ARV regimen was 2NRTIs+1NNRTI 50.3%, 2NRTI+1PI/r in 32.6%, NRTI sparing in 11.1%. Mean CPE of current regimens was 6.6 (95% CI 6.5-6.7). As per test multivariable analysis, higher CPE values were associated to poor NP tasks (Beta=-0,09; 95% CI -0,14 -0,03; p=0.002 at multivariable linear regression). The association between higher CPE and increased NCI risk was confirmed at multivariable logistic regression, with a 1.24-fold risk of NCI occurrence for each point increase of CPE of current regimen at the time of NP testing (see Table 1). In a sensitivity analysis performed only on patients at the first NP test, the association between higher CPE and poor NP tasks and enhanced NCI risk was only marginally confirmed (Beta=-0,05; [-0,12-0,02]; p=0,19; OR 1,13 [0,95-1,34]; p=0.17). Older age, longer time from HIV diagnosis, current CD4 count <350 cell/mm(3) and lower education level were all associated to an increased risk of NCI.
Conclusions:
In our analysis, higher CPE rank is associated to poorly performing at NP tasking. Even if selection bias could not be excluded due to retrospective cross-sectional design, these results fitted with the direct correlation between high CPE and HIV dementia recently recorded in a large observational database. We think that CPE use to guide ART in patients neurocognitively impaired should be revised.
