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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

29.9K
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

566
Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
490
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

628
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
628
Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

560
Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
560
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

21.6K
Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats
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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

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Shrinking ice caps in the spotlight.

Michael Gross

    Current Biology : CB
    |November 26, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Polar regions are vital for understanding Earth's climate and biology. Research into Arctic sea ice and Antarctic subglacial lakes highlights the importance of polar science.

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    Area of Science:

    • Polar Science
    • Climate Science
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Earth's ice caps, including Arctic sea ice and Antarctic subglacial lakes, are increasingly newsworthy.
    • Polar regions play a critical role in global climate regulation and harbor unique biological systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the significance of polar science in understanding planetary biology and climate.
    • To connect recent observations in polar regions to broader scientific understanding.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent news and scientific observations from polar regions.
    • Synthesis of information regarding Arctic and Antarctic environments.

    Main Results:

    • Disappearing Arctic sea ice indicates significant climate change.
    • Thriving microbial communities in Antarctic subglacial lakes reveal unique biodiversity.

    Conclusions:

    • Polar science is essential for comprehending global climate patterns.
    • The study of polar ice caps offers crucial insights into Earth's biological and climatic systems.