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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.

Daniel K Howe1, Robert J MacKay2, Stephen M Reed3

  • 1Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is caused by Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi. While horses are often infected, the factors causing clinical EPM disease remain unclear, though stress and opossums are risk factors.

Keywords:
Central nervous systemEPMNeosporaOpossumProtozoaSarcocystis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Parasitology
  • Equine Medicine

Background:

  • Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a significant neurologic disease in horses.
  • It is caused by Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi, with S. neurona being the primary cause.
  • Despite common infection, clinical disease manifestation is infrequent, and the underlying factors are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM).
  • To highlight the causative agents, risk factors, and diagnostic/treatment advancements.
  • To provide an overview of EPM in equine veterinary medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on EPM.
  • Analysis of causative agents, Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi.
  • Identification of risk factors, including opossum presence and stress events.

Main Results:

  • Sarcocystis neurona is the most common cause of EPM.
  • Experimental EPM induction reliably generates antibody responses but not consistently acute neurologic disease.
  • Risk factors identified include opossum exposure and preceding health-related stressors.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis and treatment options for EPM have seen significant improvements in the last decade.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the factors influencing the development of clinical EPM in horses.
  • Understanding EPM pathogenesis is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies.