Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 20, 2026
06:21
Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
Published on: April 7, 2023
2.3K
Executive Function in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analytic Review
1From the University of Waterloo (C.V., P.A.H.), Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Psychosomatic Medicine
|December 4, 2014
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked to executive function (EF) impairments. These cognitive deficits, affecting memory and attention, are more pronounced with shorter disease duration.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Endocrinology
- Psychology
Background:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder.
- Growing evidence suggests a link between T2DM and cognitive decline.
- Executive functions (EF) are crucial for complex cognitive tasks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and quantify the association between T2DM and executive function (EF) impairments.
- To explore potential moderators of this relationship.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Medline, PsychoInfo, and Scopus databases.
- Meta-analysis of 60 studies (9815 T2DM patients, 69,254 controls) was performed.
- Standardized mean differences were calculated, and moderator analyses for age, sex, and diabetes duration were conducted.
Main Results:
- A small but statistically significant association was found between T2DM and EF decrements (d = -0.248, p < .001).
- Impairments were observed across various EF domains including verbal fluency, mental flexibility, inhibition, working memory, and attention.
- Diabetes duration significantly moderated the T2DM-EF association.
Conclusions:
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with mild-to-moderate executive function deficits.
- Cognitive decrements in T2DM are more pronounced in individuals with shorter disease duration.
Related Concept Videos
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
5.9K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
5.9K
01:15Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
2.9K
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
2.9K
01:36Carbohydrate Metabolism
15.3K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
15.3K
01:26Type II Diabetes I: Introduction
2
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
2
01:24Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology
2
PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
2
01:15Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy
1.5K
The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
1.5K