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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
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Echo01:06

Echo

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case,...
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Ultrasonography01:17

Ultrasonography

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Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
During an ultrasonography procedure, a handheld device called...
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Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

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James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Harmonic Radar Tags for Insect Tracking: Lightweight, Low-cost, and Accessible
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SAW tags for the 6-GHz range.

Victor Plessky, Marc Lamothe, Zachary Davis

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |December 5, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores 6-gigahertz (GHz) surface acoustic wave (SAW) tags for reduced dimensions and acceptable signal loss. Manufacturing via e-beam lithography achieved performance close to predictions.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Physics

    Background:

    • Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices are crucial for various sensing applications.
    • Exploring higher frequency bands like 6 GHz can enable miniaturization of SAW tags.
    • Passive SAW tags require efficient designs to maintain signal integrity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of using 6-GHz frequencies for passive SAW tags.
    • To present an inline 6-GHz SAW tag design.
    • To assess the impact of ultrawide bandwidth on tag performance and manufacturability.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and simulation of an inline 6-GHz SAW tag.
    • Fabrication of the SAW tag using electron-beam (e-beam) lithography.
    • On-wafer probing to measure device performance, including reflected response loss.

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    Main Results:

    • An inline 6-GHz SAW tag design was successfully implemented.
    • Utilizing an ultrawide frequency bandwidth (775 MHz) allowed for significant tag dimension reduction.
    • Measured reflected response loss was approximately 55 dB, close to the predicted 50 dB.
    • The fabricated devices demonstrated performance aligning with theoretical predictions.

    Conclusions:

    • 6-GHz frequencies are viable for passive SAW tags, enabling smaller device footprints.
    • High-throughput manufacturing is achievable by integrating nano-imprint and e-beam lithography techniques.
    • The developed SAW tag technology shows promise for advanced wireless identification and sensing systems.