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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

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Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
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Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

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The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis
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[Spinal stenosis].

Hiroshi Hashizume, Munehito Yoshida

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    |December 17, 2014
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal, is increasingly common in aging populations due to spinal degeneration. This report focuses on lumbar spinal stenosis, detailing its diagnosis, conservative treatments, and surgical indications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics and Rehabilitation
    • Geriatric Medicine
    • Neurosurgery

    Context:

    • Spinal stenosis, particularly lumbar spinal stenosis, is a prevalent condition in aging societies.
    • Degenerative changes in spinal components (intervertebral disc, facet, ligamentum flavum) are primary causes.
    • Historical differences in disease concepts between cervical and lumbar spinal stenosis contribute to diagnostic ambiguity.

    Purpose:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.
    • To clarify diagnostic criteria and management strategies.
    • To discuss conservative and surgical treatment options.

    Summary:

    • Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is the most common form encountered in outpatient clinics.
    • Diagnosis involves evaluating clinical symptoms and imaging findings.
    • Management includes conservative therapies (physical therapy, medication) and surgical interventions when indicated.

    Impact:

    • Aids clinicians in diagnosing and managing lumbar spinal stenosis.
    • Informs patient treatment decisions regarding conservative versus surgical options.
    • Contributes to understanding the impact of spinal degeneration in aging populations.