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Behind-the-meter (BTM) generators in demand response (DR) programs likely increase ozone pollution in the Northeast Corridor. New regulations are needed to manage BTM emissions and ensure cleaner energy resources.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Energy Policy
  • Air Quality Research

Background:

  • Demand response (DR) programs incentivize electricity consumers to reduce usage during peak demand.
  • Behind-the-meter (BTM) generation, such as on-site power systems, can participate in DR programs.
  • The environmental impact of BTM generator participation in DR programs, particularly concerning emissions, is not well-understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the environmental implications of BTM generators participating in DR programs.
  • To evaluate the impact of NOx emissions from BTM generators on ozone concentrations in the Northeast Corridor.
  • To inform policy development for demand-side resources and promote "Green" DR.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DR program enrollment and event data.
  • Examination of ozone air quality monitoring data.
  • Assessment of generator emission characteristics and companion study on particulate matter formation.

Main Results:

  • BTM generator emissions likely contribute significantly to high ozone levels in the Northeast Corridor.
  • These emissions represent a substantial fraction of total NOx emissions from electricity generation.
  • A companion study indicated potential for near-source particulate matter (PM) hotspots from BTM generators.

Conclusions:

  • Current regulations on BTM generators may undermine efforts to reduce emissions from peaking power plants.
  • Quantifying the environmental impacts of DR programs is crucial for effective policy design.
  • The concept of "Green" DR resources, offering reliability and environmental benefits, is proposed as key to achieving energy and public health goals.