Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

3
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
3
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

2
An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
2
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

3
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
3
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

1
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
1
Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview

4.1K
Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and...
4.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Longitudinal trends in antibiotic resistance of <i>Escherichia coli</i>: A 10-years retrospective analysis in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.

Pakistan journal of medical sciences·2025
Same author

Interpretation of the association between thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroid function during pregnancy: An individual participant data meta-analysis.

Journal of autoimmunity·2025
Same author

Evaluation of pulmonary function tests and vitamin D level in pre and postmenopausal women.

JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association·2025
Same author

Exploring symptomatology and innovative treatment modalities for prefrontal cortex lesions: a systematic review.

Applied neuropsychology. Adult·2024
Same author

Risk Factors for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2024
Same author

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of COVID-19 and Its Association With Vaccine Acceptance Rate Among Afghan Refugees Living in Lahore, Pakistan.

Asia-Pacific journal of public health·2023
Same journal

Building Capacity And Enhancing Knowledge Of The Healthcare Providers Regarding Healthcare Financing In Pakistan.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC·2025
Same journal

Pyloric Atresia Associated With Epidermolysis Bullosa- A Case Report.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC·2025
Same journal

Perforated Jejunal Diverticulitis As An Uncommon Culprit Of Acute Abdomen: A Case Report And Review Of Literature.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC·2025
Same journal

Leiomyosarcoma Of The Inferior Vena Cava Masquerading As A Duodenal Stromal Tumour.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC·2025
Same journal

Paediatric Hepatic Haemangioma-A Rare Cause Of Pyrexia Of Unknown Origin.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC·2025
Same journal

Cutaneous Manifestations Of Migraine: First Of Its Kind, Two Case Reports From Pakistan.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model
09:42

A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model

Published on: June 4, 2021

3.7K

TNF-alpha: a risk factor for ischemic stroke.

Faraz Ahmed Bokhari1, Tania A Shakoori, Ambreen Butt

  • 1Department of Physiology, Shaikh Zayet medical Complex, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. drfarazbokhari@yahoo.com

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
|January 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were significantly higher in stroke patients compared to healthy individuals. Detectable TNF-α and hypertension history differentiated between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes.

More Related Videos

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
06:01

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Published on: August 18, 2015

15.7K
The Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network Multi-Laboratory Model of Thromboembolic Stroke with Thrombolysis: TE-MCAo
06:38

The Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network Multi-Laboratory Model of Thromboembolic Stroke with Thrombolysis: TE-MCAo

Published on: December 19, 2025

430

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 18, 2026

A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model
09:42

A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model

Published on: June 4, 2021

3.7K
A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia
06:01

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Published on: August 18, 2015

15.7K
The Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network Multi-Laboratory Model of Thromboembolic Stroke with Thrombolysis: TE-MCAo
06:38

The Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network Multi-Laboratory Model of Thromboembolic Stroke with Thrombolysis: TE-MCAo

Published on: December 19, 2025

430

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Inflammatory markers are crucial for stroke diagnosis and subtype differentiation.
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) are key inflammatory cytokines implicated in stroke pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare plasma TNF-α and IL-10 levels between stroke patients and controls.
  • To investigate differences in TNF-α and IL-10 levels between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure plasma TNF-α and IL-10 levels in 131 stroke patients and 47 controls.
  • Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, student t-tests, and logistic regression to compare cytokine levels and identify risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Plasma TNF-α levels were significantly elevated in stroke patients compared to controls (p < 0.001).
  • Advancing age and hypertension history were associated with increased stroke risk.
  • Detectable TNF-α levels and hypertension history significantly differed between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients (p = 0.002 and p = 0.019, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • TNF-α levels show significant differences between stroke patients and controls.
  • TNF-α levels can help differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes, suggesting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker.