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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
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Neonatal ghrelin programs development of hypothalamic feeding circuits.

Sophie M Steculorum, Gustav Collden, Berengere Coupe

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |January 22, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ghrelin, a stomach hormone, normally supports appetite. However, blocking ghrelin in neonatal mice led to enhanced neural development and long-term metabolic issues, including obesity and higher blood glucose.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroendocrinology
    • Metabolic Regulation
    • Developmental Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Gut-brain neural networks regulate energy balance; dysfunction links to metabolic diseases like obesity.
    • Ghrelin, a stomach hormone, stimulates appetite via hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) neurons.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate ghrelin's role in the physiological and neurobiological development of the gut-brain axis.
    • To determine the impact of early-life ghrelin signaling on long-term metabolic health and hypothalamic development.

    Main Methods:

    • Neonatal mice had ghrelin action blocked or received chronic ghrelin administration.
    • ARH neuronal explants were exposed to ghrelin.
    • Assessed ARH neural projections, body weight, visceral fat, blood glucose, leptin sensitivity, and STAT3 signaling.

    Main Results:

    • Neonatal ghrelin blockade enhanced ARH projections but caused long-term obesity, increased visceral fat, hyperglycemia, and reduced leptin sensitivity.
    • Chronic neonatal ghrelin impaired ARH development, blunted axonal growth, inhibited leptin's neurotrophic effects, and attenuated leptin-induced STAT3 signaling.

    Conclusions:

    • Ghrelin inhibits the developmental maturation of hypothalamic neural circuits.
    • Appropriate neonatal ghrelin expression is critical for establishing lifelong metabolic homeostasis and gut-brain axis function.