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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

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In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus
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Nuclear deformation at finite temperature.

Y Alhassid1, C N Gilbreth1, G F Bertsch2

  • 1Center for Theoretical Physics, Sloane Physics Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear deformation analysis is revolutionized by a new method preserving rotational invariance. This approach reveals that nuclear shape changes persist at higher temperatures than previously predicted by mean-field theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear physics
  • Quantum many-body systems
  • Atomic nuclei structure

Background:

  • Nuclear deformation is crucial for understanding heavy nuclei.
  • Traditional models break rotational invariance, limiting analysis at finite temperatures.
  • A new framework is needed to study nuclear shapes under varying conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for analyzing nuclear deformations at finite temperatures.
  • To preserve rotational invariance within the nuclear many-body Hamiltonian.
  • To identify model-independent signatures of deformation in nuclei.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the auxiliary-field Monte Carlo method.
  • Generating a statistical ensemble of nuclear configurations.
  • Calculating the probability distribution of the quadrupole operator.

Main Results:

  • Successfully analyzed nuclear deformations at finite temperatures while preserving rotational invariance.
  • Identified model-independent signatures of deformation in rare-earth nuclei.
  • Observed that deformation effects persist at temperatures exceeding the mean-field phase transition point.

Conclusions:

  • The presented method offers a robust way to study nuclear structure at finite temperatures.
  • Nuclear deformation is more resilient to temperature increases than predicted by standard mean-field theories.
  • This work advances the understanding of shape transitions and stability in atomic nuclei.