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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

95
A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
95
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

24.0K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
24.0K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

7.3K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
7.3K
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

165
A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
165
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

21.1K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
21.1K
Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes

134
Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression...
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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First-order dynamical phase transitions.

Elena Canovi1, Philipp Werner2, Martin Eckstein1

  • 1Max Planck Research Department for Structural Dynamics, University of Hamburg-CFEL, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|January 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new classification for dynamical phase transitions, including first-order transitions, using conditional probability amplitudes. These findings are demonstrated in complex models like the Hubbard model.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Dynamical phase transitions are identified by nonanalytic behavior of the Loschmidt echo in the thermodynamic limit.
  • Existing classifications may not fully capture the nuances of these transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new classification for dynamical phase transitions.
  • To define first-order dynamical phase transitions.
  • To explore the study of these transitions in complex quantum models.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of conditional probability amplitudes for classification.
  • Development of a generalized Keldysh formalism.
  • Application of nonequilibrium dynamical mean-field theory.

Main Results:

  • A mathematical and potential experimental classification of dynamical phase transitions.
  • Definition and identification of first-order dynamical phase transitions.
  • Observation of first-order dynamical phase transitions in the Falicov-Kimball and Hubbard models.

Conclusions:

  • Conditional probability amplitudes offer a refined way to classify dynamical phase transitions.
  • The generalized Keldysh formalism and nonequilibrium dynamical mean-field theory are effective for studying complex systems.
  • First-order dynamical phase transitions exist in realistic models.