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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

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Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation01:31

Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation

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In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
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During a respiratory assessment, palpation can reveal several vital abnormalities:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 18, 2026

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
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Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

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A rare stapes abnormality.

Hala Kanona1, Jagdeep Singh Virk1, Gaurav Kumar1

  • 1ENT Department, Queen's Hospital, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Rom Valley Way, Romford, Essex RM7 0AZ, UK.

Case Reports in Otolaryngology
|January 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study highlights a rare case of conductive hearing loss due to ossicular abnormalities. Surgical intervention successfully restored hearing by addressing the stapes issue, demonstrating effective management for such conditions.

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Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Audiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Conductive hearing loss can stem from rare ossicular abnormalities, posing diagnostic challenges.
  • High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) may not always reveal subtle ossicular defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance awareness of rare presentations and management strategies for conductive hearing loss.
  • To detail a specific case of ossicular abnormality and its surgical correction.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 13-year-old female with progressive hearing loss.
  • Diagnostic workup including HRCT and exploratory tympanotomy.
  • Surgical intervention: stapedotomy and stapes prosthesis insertion.
  • Literature review using MedLine.

Main Results:

  • Exploratory tympanotomy identified an absent stapedius tendon and disconnected stapes superstructure.
  • The stapes footplate was found to be fixed.
  • Surgery resulted in a 50 dB closure of the air-bone gap, significantly improving hearing.

Conclusions:

  • Ossicular discontinuity is a significant cause of conductive hearing loss, effectively managed surgically.
  • Surgical restoration of hearing is possible even with complex ossicular abnormalities.
  • Conservative management is a safe alternative for patients unsuitable for or declining surgery.