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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Electric Dipoles and Dipole Moment01:30

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Consider two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs. If they cannot be separated by an external electric field, the system is called a permanent dipole. For example, the water molecule is a dipole, making it a good solvent.
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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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Generation of Local CA1 &#947; Oscillations by Tetanic Stimulation
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Fermionic suppression of dipolar relaxation.

Nathaniel Q Burdick1, Kristian Baumann1, Yijun Tang2

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum spin statistics suppress harmful inelastic dipolar scattering in ultracold Fermi gases. This 120-fold suppression in fermionic dysprosium, observed for the first time, enables new quantum many-body physics research.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Many-Body Physics
  • Quantum Statistics

Background:

  • Inelastic dipolar scattering in ultracold gases can cause heating and population loss, hindering quantum many-body physics experiments.
  • Strongly magnetic atoms like dysprosium exhibit significant dipolar interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the suppression of inelastic dipolar scattering in ultracold Fermi gases.
  • To confirm the role of quantum spin statistics in mitigating detrimental scattering processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing ultracold Fermi gases of dysprosium atoms.
  • Comparing inelastic dipolar scattering rates in fermionic and bosonic dysprosium.
  • Measuring inelastic cross sections in spin mixtures.

Main Results:

  • Observed a 120-fold suppression of dipolar relaxation in fermionic dysprosium compared to bosonic.
  • Demonstrated low inelastic cross sections in spin mixtures, aligning with theoretical predictions.
  • Confirmed the kinematic suppression of exothermic reactions due to Fermi statistics.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum spin statistics effectively suppress inelastic dipolar scattering in ultracold Fermi gases.
  • The observed suppression opens new avenues for quantum many-body physics research using fermionic dipolar species.
  • This finding paves the way for studies involving synthetic gauge fields and pairing.