Interference of apex locator, pulp tester and diathermy on pacemaker function

Area of Science:

• Endodontics
• Biomedical Engineering
• Cardiology

Background:

• Electronic apex locators (EALs) and electric pulp testers (EPT) are common dental tools.
• Pacemakers are critical for patients with cardiac conditions.
• Potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) between dental devices and pacemakers requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To assess the in vitro effects of three EALs, an EPT, and diathermy on pacemaker function.
• To determine the safety of using these dental devices in patients with pacemakers.

Main Methods:

• Three EALs (Root ZX, Propex, Mini Apex locator), an EPT, and diathermy were tested.
• A pacemaker (Medtronic Kappa KVDD901) lead was directly connected to the devices.
• Pacemaker activity was monitored via telemetry and electrocardiogram (EGM) for interference.

Main Results:

• All tested EALs showed no interference with pacemaker function.
• The EPT exhibited minor background noise on EGM but did not affect pacing.
• Diathermy caused irregular pacing and complete pacemaker inhibition.

Conclusions:

• Electronic apex locators are safe for use in patients with pacemakers.
• Electric pulp testers may cause minor noise but do not compromise pacemaker function.
• Diathermy poses a significant risk and should be avoided in pacemaker patients.