Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 16, 2026
Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Published on: January 25, 2016
Tinnitus Holistic Simplified Classification (THoSC): A New Assessment for Subjective Tinnitus, With Diagnostic and
Giancarlo Cianfrone1, Filippo Mazzei2, Massimo Salviati3
1Department of Otorhinolayngology, Audiology and Ophtalmology, Unit of Audiology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy giancarlo.cianfrone@uniroma1.it.
Objective:
One of the most debated topics in tinnitus is its standard and practical classification. The most popular classification distinguishes subjective from objective tinnitus. Other classifications are based on different features. On the whole, they seem incomplete, and the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are often difficult for practical purposes. The aim of this work is to develop a new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.
Methods:
Our model is based on 10 years of experience. In particular, the starting point is the data retrieved from 212 consecutive patients in our Tinnitus Unit between May and December 2013: We found a clear auditory disorder in 74.5% of the population, muscolo-skeletal disorders and/or trigeminal disease in 57.1%, and psychiatric comorbidities in 43.8%. Different features coexisted in 59.9% of the population.
Results:
Following such data we propose the Tinnitus Holistic Simplified Classification, which takes into account the different tinnitogenic mechanisms and the interactions between them. It differentiates tinnitus that arises from: (1) auditory alterations (Auditory Tinnitus), (2) complex auditory-somatosensory interactions (Somatosensory Tinnitus), (3) psychopathological-auditory interactions (Psychopathology-related Tinnitus), and (4) 2 or all of the previous mechanisms (Combined Tinnitus).
Conclusions:
In our opinion this classification provides an accurate and easy tailored path to manage tinnitus patients.
Related Concept Videos
01:31Hearing
01:14Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
Step 4: Instruct the patient to tilt their head to the side for comfort and check for cerumen...
01:17Increased pulse rate
Many factors can elevate the risk of developing tachycardia. These include advanced age, a family history of arrhythmias, and an...
01:01Perception of Sound Waves
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
01:25Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
01:15Heart Sounds
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...